Andy Egan, John Hawthorne and Brian Weatherson: “Epistemic Modals in Context”:http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Philosophy/homepages/weatherson/em.pdf. Forthcoming in Contextualism in Philosophy, Preyer and Peter, eds. (New Draft Posted 5/7/04)

bq. A very simple contextualist treatment of a sentence containing an epistemic modal, e.g. a might be F, is that it is true iff for all the contextually salient community knows, a is F. It is widely agreed that the simple theory will not work in some cases, but the counterexamples produced so far seem amenable to a more complicated contextualist theory. We argue, however, that no contextualist theory can capture the evaluations speakers naturally make of sentences containing epistemic modals. If we want to respect these evaluations, our best option is a relativist theory of epistemic modals. On a relativist theory, an utterance of a might be F can be true relative to one context of evaluation and false relative to another. We argue that such a theory does better than any rival approach at capturing all the behaviour of epistemic modals.

[Thony Gillies and I have been working on a paper that takes a different tack on these issues. Hopefully, we’ll get something written up this summer. – KvF]